TABLE OF CONTENT
ABSTRACT-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS---------------------------------------------------------------- ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS------------------------------------------------------------------ iii
LIST OF TABLES------------------------------------------------------------------------- iv
LIST OF FIGURES------------------------------------------------------------------------ v
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION---------------------------------------------------------- 1
1.1 Importance of the study---------------------------------------------------------------- 1
1.2 Objectives of the study----------------------------------------------------------------- 2
1.3 The benefits of the study--------------------------------------------------------------- 2
1.4 Scope of the study---------------------------------------------------------------------- 2
1.4.1 Scope of information sources---------------------------------------------------- 2
1.4.2 Scope of study issues:------------------------------------------------------------ 2
1.4.3 Period of the study: ------------------------------------------------------------- 2
1.5 Definition of key terms----------------------------------------------------------------- 2
1.5.1 Community’s culture------------------------------------------------------------- 3
1.5.2 Natural attractions--------------------------------------------------------------- 3
1.5.3 Community-based tourism------------------------------------------------------- 3
1.5.4 Eco-tourism---------------------------------------------------------------------- 3
1.5.5 Sustainable tourism-------------------------------------------------------------- 3
1.5.6 Tourism planning----------------------------------------------------------------- 3
1.5.7 Tourism management------------------------------------------------------------ 3
1.5.8 Stakeholder---------------------------------------------------------------------- 3
1.6 Research conceptual framework-------------------------------------------------------- 3
CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW-------------------------------------------------------- 5
2.1 Introduction---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5
2.2 Country Profile------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5
2.2.1 Basic Information---------------------------------------------------------------- 5
2.2.2 Geography----------------------------------------------------------------------- 8
2.2.3 Climate--------------------------------------------------------------------------- 9
2.2.4 History--------------------------------------------------------------------------- 9
2.3 Politics---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 11
2.3.1 Political System------------------------------------------------------------------ 11
2.3.2 Elections------------------------------------------------------------------------- 11
2.3.3 Recent political Developments--------------------------------------------------- 12
2.3.4 Human Rights-------------------------------------------------------------------- 12
2.4 International Relations------------------------------------------------------------------ 13
2.4.1 Foreign Policies------------------------------------------------------------------ 13
2.4.2 Cambodia’s Relation with its neighbors----------------------------------------- 14
2.5 The modern political and economic development of Cambodia----------------------- 15
2.6 State, tourism and Cambodian identity------------------------------------------------ 29
2.7 Tourism products and infrastructure---------------------------------------------------- 21
2.8 Tourism promotion policies------------------------------------------------------------- 23
2.9 Tourist arrivals in Cambodia------------------------------------------------------------ 31
2.10 Economic impact of tourism in Cambodia-------------------------------------------- 32
2.11 Social impact of tourism in Cambodia------------------------------------------------ 34
2.12 Tourism and cultural development---------------------------------------------------- 34
2.13 Tourism policy and poverty reduction------------------------------------------------ 35
2.14 Access and associated issues---------------------------------------------------------- 36
CHAPTER III TOURISM BUSINESS IN SOUTHEAST ASIA-------------------------- 37
3.1 Introduction---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 37
3.2 Public and private partnership and tourism development------------------------------ 38
3.3 Tourism planning ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 39
3.4 Politics of tourism---------------------------------------------------------------------- 39
3.5 Tourism and culture -------------------------------------------------------------------- 40
3.6 Regional cooperation and tourism------------------------------------------------------ 41
3.7 The effects of tourism------------------------------------------------------------------ 41
3.8 Tourism management------------------------------------------------------------------- 43
3.9 Heritage tourism in Southeast Asia----------------------------------------------------- 44
3.9.1 Indonesia------------------------------------------------------------------------- 44
3.9.2 Malaysia-------------------------------------------------------------------------- 46
3.9.3 Singapore------------------------------------------------------------------------- 47
3.9.4 Thailand-------------------------------------------------------------------------- 47
3.9.5 Laos, Myanmar, Vietnam-------------------------------------------------------- 47
3.9.6 Heritage tourism in Cambodia--------------------------------------------------- 48
CHAPTER IVTOURISM BUSINESS AND GLOBALIZATION------------------------ 50
4.1 Introduction---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 50
4.2 International Tourism and Globalization----------------------------------------------- 51
4.3 Destinations in the Global Market------------------------------------------------------ 52
4.4 Negative Impact of International Operations on SME--------------------------------- 52
4.5 Reasons for Alliances and Their Benefits---------------------------------------------- 53
4.6 Examples of Globalization in Tourism-------------------------------------------------- 53
CHAPTER V INNOVATION AND TOURISM BUSINESS KNOWLEDGE------- 56
5.1. Introduction---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 56
5.2 A brief history of tourism--------------------------------------------------------------- 56
5.3 The economic evolution of tourism----------------------------------------------------- 57
5.3.1 The Fordist concept ------------------------------------------------------------- 57
5.3.2 Post-Fordism--------------------------------------------------------------------- 59
5.4 Destination’s stakeholders and their directions---------------------------------------- 59
5.5 The global tourism and hospitality industry-------------------------------------------- 61
5.6 Geographical tourism flows and seasonal concentration------------------------------- 66
5.6.1 Geographical tourism flows------------------------------------------------------ 66
5.6.2 Tourism seasonal concentration-------------------------------------------------- 68
5.7 Tourism demand trends----------------------------------------------------------------- 70
5.8 Innovation trends on Information and Communication Technologies----------------- 75
5.8.1 ICT Innovation and Tourism----------------------------------------------------- 77
5.8.2 A collection of very interesting web sites---------------------------------------- 80
5.8.3 Grid computing and p2p networks and clusters--------------------------------- 81
5.8.4 Smart phone systems and impact on tourism------------------------------------ 82
5.8.5 Web 2.0 applications and their impact on tourism industry--------------------- 83
5.8.6 ICT trends and Tourism future-------------------------------------------------- 85
5.9 Innovation trends on Energy Technologies--------------------------------------------- 86
5.9.1 Innovative energy technologies-------------------------------------------------- 86
5.10. Innovation trends on Environmental Technologies----------------------------------- 89
5.10.1 Innovative Environmental Technologies--------------------------------------- 89
5.11 Policies and initiatives for innovation in tourism industry---------------------------- 91
5.11.1 Tourism networks and information distribution innovation policies----------- 94
5.12 Economic performance and tourism business----------------------------------------- 96
5.13 Economic prospects------------------------------------------------------------------- 97
5.14 Development challenges--------------------------------------------------------------- 99
CHAPTER VI THE TOURISM LAW AND TRAVEL AGENT OPERATION---- 100
6.1 Introduction---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 100
6.2 Consultation with the private sector to improve the quality of the legal framework--- 100
6.3 Quality assurance through accreditation------------------------------------------------ 101
6.4 Independent business associations are the key for promoting the tourism sector------ 102
6.5 Dispute resolution as an option--------------------------------------------------------- 102
6.6 Travel Agent Operation----------------------------------------------------------------- 103
6.7 Registering a company------------------------------------------------------------------ 103
6.8 Acquiring the travel agent license------------------------------------------------------ 104
6.9 Tax registration------------------------------------------------------------------------- 104
6.10 Exclusive rights------------------------------------------------------------------------ 104
6.11 Maintaining and invalidation --------------------------------------------------------- 104
6.12 Penalty--------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 104
CHAPTER VIIINFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT--------------------------------- 105
7.1 Introduction---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 105
7.2 The state of Cambodia’s infrastructure------------------------------------------------- 105
7.2.1 History of infrastructure development in Cambodia---------------------------- 105
7.2.2 The state of Cambodia’s infrastructure------------------------------------------ 106
7.3 Assistance for infrastructure development in Cambodia------------------------------- 111
7.4 Infrastructure development – problems and challenges-------------------------------- 112
7.4.1 Issues on infrastructure development in general--------------------------------- 112
7.4.2 Issues on each sector------------------------------------------------------------- 115
7.5 Direction of infrastructure development----------------------------------------------- 117
7.5.1 Basic concepts------------------------------------------------------------------- 117
7.5.2 Work to meet the immediate needs for rehabilitation and reconstruction------- 118
7.6 Mid- to long-term works for infrastructure development------------------------------ 120
7.7 Policy measures necessary for infrastructure development----------------------------- 122
7.7.1 Transport infrastructure---------------------------------------------------------- 122
7.7.2 Infrastructure for national land conservation------------------------------------ 125
7.7.3 Telecommunications infrastructure---------------------------------------------- 125
7.7.4 Infrastructure for electric power supply----------------------------------------- 125
7.8 Direction of Japan’s assistance--------------------------------------------------------- 125
7.8.1 Basic policy---------------------------------------------------------------------- 125
7.8.2 Capacity building for developing and managing the infrastructure------------- 126
7.8.3 Assistance in formulating master plans, technical standards-------------------- 127
7.8.4 Objectives and strategies of Japan’s assistance---------------------------------- 127
CHAPTER VIII METHODOLOGY-------------------------------------------------------------- 130
8.1Qualitative and quantitative data collection-------------------------------------------- 130
8.2 Theoretical contributions--------------------------------------------------------------- 130
8.3 Empirical contributions----------------------------------------------------------------- 131
8.4 Policy options--------------------------------------------------------------------------- 132
8.4.1 Increasing tourist experiences---------------------------------------------------- 133
8.4.2 Increasing local participation----------------------------------------------------- 133
8.4.3 Diversification of tourism products---------------------------------------------- 133
8.4.4 Key stakeholders collaboration-------------------------------------------------- 133
8.4.5 Rebalancing interests------------------------------------------------------------- 134
8.4.6 Targeting quality tourism business----------------------------------------------- 134
8.5 Constructed theory on sustainable tourism business: Holistic approach--------------- 134
8.6 Data Analysis--------------------------------------------------------------------------- 135
8.7 Linking the main point and categories the same concepts------------------------------ 135
8.8 Model Development-------------------------------------------------------------------- 135
8.8.1 Developing the concept of each approach for tourism business in Cambodia--- 135
8.8.2 Developing the model which linking the concepts------------------------------ 135
8.8.3 Regional Report for southern Sihanouk Ville-Cambodia County--------------- 135
8.8.4 Global tourism analysis both challenges and opportunities --------------------- 138
8.8.5 Synthesis of the Five Regional SWOT Analysis--------------------------------- 141
CHAPTER IX RESEARCH FINDING AND RESULTS---------------------------------- 144
9.1 Tourism growth and challenges in Cambodia------------------------------------------- 144
9.2 Tourism growth in Siem Reap----------------------------------------------------------------------- 145
9.3 Phnom Penh tourism decline------------------------------------------------------------------------ 146
9.4 Tourism destinations in Cambodia and diversification issues--------------------------- 147
9.5 Economic considerations---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 147
9.6 Public-private tourism initiatives------------------------------------------------------------------- 148
9.6.1 Development of Tourism Law in Cambodia--------------------------------------------- 148
9.6.2 Hotel Classification and quality assurances---------------------------------------------- 149
9.6.3 Marketing and promotion board------------------------------------------------------------ 149
9.6.4 Integrated master plan for tourism planning and infrastructure (JICA)----------- 149
9.7 CSR and the tourism industry in Cambodia ----------------------------------------------------- 151
9.7.1 CSR codes of conduct and certification--------------------------------------------------- 151
9.7.2 CSR in Cambodia----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 152
9.7.3 Environmental management----------------------------------------------------------------- 152
9.7.4 Labor issues------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 152
9.7.5 Socio-economic and community-related issues------------------------------------------ 153
9.7.6 Emerging trends-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 154
9.8 Tourism business an analysis of opportunities and barriers----------------------------- 155
9.9 Opportunities and barriers-------------------------------------------------------------- 156
9.9.2 Visa Control---------------------------------------------------------------------- 157
9.9.3 Currency, Credit Cards, and Travelers Checks---------------------------------- 158
9.9.4 Tourism Education and Training------------------------------------------------- 158
9.9.5 Safety and Security-------------------------------------------------------------- 158
9.9.6 Tourism Conservation------------------------------------------------------------ 159
9.9.7 Destination Facilities and Services----------------------------------------------- 159
9.9.8 Transportation-------------------------------------------------------------------- 160
9.9.9 Accessibility to Cambodia------------------------------------------------------- 160
9.9.10 Communications---------------------------------------------------------------- 160
9.10 Responsible Travel Programme-------------------------------------------------------- 162
9.11 Aim and Objectives of the programme------------------------------------------------ 163
9.12 Participants of the programme-------------------------------------------------------- 163
9.13 Programme Process-------------------------------------------------------------------- 163
9.14 The Result----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 164
CHAPTER X CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS------------------------- 165
10.1 Develop Sustainable Tourism business Plan---------------------------------------------------- 170
10.2. Leverage sustainability expertise and interest of the private sector------------------------ 170
10.3 Link marketing strategies to Corporate Social Responsibility-------------------------- 170
10.4 Support institutional development and capacity building in the tourism sector--------- 170
REFERENCES------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 173
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